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Buddha

1. Buddha.– A generic name, an appellative — but not a proper name — given to one who has attained Enlightenment ¹ a man superior to all other beings, human and divine, by his knowledge of the Truth (Dhamma). The texts mention two kinds of Buddha: viz., Pacceka Buddhas — i.e., Buddhas who also attain to complete Enlightenment but do not teach the way of deliverance to the world; and Sammāsambuddhas, who are Omniscient and are teachers of nibbāna (Satthāro). The Commentaries, however,² mention four classes of Buddha: Sabbaññu-Buddhā, Pacceka Buddhā, Catusacca Buddhā, and Suta Buddhā. All Arahants (khīṇāsavā) are called Catusacca Buddhā and all learned men Bahussuta Buddhā. A Pacceka Buddha practises the ten perfections (pāramī) for two immeasurable aeons (asaṅkheyya) and one hundred thousand world-cycles, an Omniscient (Sabbaññu) Buddha practises it for one hundred thousand world-cycles and four or eight or sixteen immeasurable aeons, as the case may be (see below).

Other Buddhas

Differences Between Buddhas

Similarities Between Buddhas

Uniqueness of A Buddha

Typical Career of A Buddha

A Buddha’s Omniscience

Special Virtues of Buddhas

Suffering of A Buddha

Disappearance of A Buddha’s Teaching

Epithets of A Buddha

Footnotes

Other Buddhas

Seven Omniscient Buddhas are mentioned in the earlier books;³ these are Vīpassī, Sikhī, Vessabhū, Kakusandha, Koṇāgamana, Kassapa, and Gotama. This number is increased in the later books. The Buddhavaṃsa contains detailed particulars of twenty-five Buddhas, including the last, Gotama, the first twenty-four being those who prophesied Gotama’s appearance in the world. They are the predecessors of Vipassī, etc., and are the following:⁴ Dīpaṅkara, Koṇḍañña, Maṅgala, Sumana, Revata, Sobhita, Anomadassī, Paduma, Nārada, Padumuttara, Sumedha, Sujāta, Piyadassī, Atthadassī, Dhammadassī, Siddhattha, Tissa, and Phussa. The same poem, in its twenty-seventh chapter, mentions three other Buddhas — Taṇhaṅkara, Medhaṅkara, and Saranaṅkara — who appeared in the world before Dīpaṅkara. The Lalitavistara has a list of fifty-four Buddhas and the Mahāvastu of more than a hundred. The Cakkavatti Sīhanāda Sutta  ⁵ gives particulars of Metteyya Buddha who will be born in the world during the present world-cycle. The Anāgatavaṃsa gives a detailed account of him. Some MSS. of that poem ⁶ mention the names of ten future Buddhas, all of whom met Gotama who prophesied about them. These are Metteyya, Uttama, Rāma, Pasenadi Kosala, Abhibhū, Dīghasoṇī, Saṅkacca, Subha, Todeyya, Nāḷāgiripalaleyya (sic).

Differences Between Buddhas

The Mahāpadāna Sutta,⁷ which mentions the seven Buddhas, gives particulars of each under eleven heads (paricchedā) — the world-cycle in which he is born, his social rank (jāti), his family (gotta), length of life at that epoch (āyu), the tree under which he attains Enlightenment (bodhi), the names of his two chief disciples (sāvakayuga), the numbers present at the assemblies of Arahants held by him (sāvakasannipāta), the name of his personal attendant (upaṭṭhākabhikkhu), the names of his father and mother and of his birthplace. The Commentary  ⁸ adds to these other particulars — the names of his son and his wife before his renunciation, the conveyance (yāna) in which he leaves the world, the monastery in which his Gandhakuṭi was placed, the amount of money paid for its purchase, the site of the monastery, and the name of his chief lay patron. In the case of Gotama, the further fact is stated that on the day of his birth there appeared also in the world Rāhulamātā, Ānanda, Kanthaka, Nidhikumbhi (Treasure Trove), the Mahābodhi and Kāludāyī. Gotama was conceived under the asterism (nakkhatta) of Uttarāsāḷha, under which asterism he also made his Renunciation,⁹ taught his first discourse and performed the Twin Miracle. Under the asterism of Vesākha he was born, attained Enlightenment and died; under that of Māgha he held his first assembly of Arahants and decided to die; under Assayuja he descended from Tāvatiṃsa.

The Buddhavaṃsa Commentary says ¹⁰ that in the Buddhavaṃsa particulars of each Buddha are given under twenty-two heads, the additional heads being the details of the first discourse, the numbers of those attaining realisation of truth (abhisamaya) at each assembly, the names of the two chief female disciples, the aura of the Buddha’s body (raṃsi), the height of his body, the name of the Bodhisatta (who was to become Gotama Buddha), the prophecy concerning him, his exertions (padhāna) and the details of each Buddha’s death. The Commentary also says that mention must be made of the time each Buddha lived as a householder, the names of the palaces he occupied, the number of his dancing women, the names of his chief wife, and his son, his conveyance, his renunciation, his practice of austerities, his patrons and his monastery.

There are eight particulars in which the Buddhas differ from each other (aṭṭhavemattāni). These are length of life in the epoch in which each is born, the height of his body, his social rank (some are born in the khattiya caste, others as brahmins), the length of his austerities, the aura of his body (thus, in the case of Maṅgala, his aura spread throughout the ten thousand world systems, while that of Gotama extended only one fathom,¹¹ the conveyance in which he makes his renunciation, the tree under which he attains Enlightenment, and the size of the seat (pallaṅka) under the Bodhi tree.¹²

Similarities Between Buddhas

In the case of all Buddhas, there are four fixed spots (avijahitaṭṭhānāni). These are: the site of the seat under the Bodhi tree (bodhipallaṅka), the Deer Park at Isipatana where the first discourse is taught, the spot where the Buddha first steps on the ground at Saṅkassa on his descent from Tāvatiṃsa, and the spots marked by the four posts of the bed in the Buddha’s Gandhakuṭi in Jetavana. The monastery may vary in size; the site of the city in which it stands may also vary, but not the site of the bed. Sometimes it is to the east of the vihāra, sometimes to the north.¹³

Thirty facts are mentioned as being true of all Buddhas (samatiṃsavidhā dhammatā). In his last life every Bodhisatta is conscious at the moment of his conception; in his mother’s womb he remains cross legged with his face turned outwards; his mother gives birth to him in a standing posture; the birth takes place in a forest grove (araññe); immediately after birth he takes seven steps to the north and roars the “lion’s roar;” he makes his renunciation after seeing the four omens and after a son is born to him; he has to practise austerities for at least seven days after donning the yellow robe; he has a meal of milk-rice on the day of his Enlightenment; he attains to Omniscience seated on a carpet of grass; he practises concentration in breathing; he defeats Māra’s forces; he attains to supreme perfection in all knowledge and virtue at the foot of the Bodhi tree; Mahā Brahmā requests him to teach the Dhamma; he teaches his first discourse in the Deer Park at Isipatana; he recites the Pāṭimokkha to the fourfold assembly on the full-moon day of Māgha; he resides chiefly in Jetavana, he performs the Twin Miracle in Sāvatthi; he teaches the Abhidhamma in Tāvatiṃsa; he descends from there at the gate of Saṅkassa; he constantly lives in the bliss of phalasamāpatti; he investigates the possibility of converting others during two jhānas; he lays down the precepts only when occasion arises for them; he relates stories of a previous life (Jātaka) when suitable occasions occur; he recites the Buddhavaṃsa in the assembly of his kinsmen; he always greets courteously monks who visit him; he never leaves the place where he has spent the rainy season without bidding farewell to his hosts; each day he has prescribed duties before and after his meal and during the three watches of the night; he eats a meal containing flesh (maṃsarajabhojana) immediately before his death; and just before his death he enters into the two hundred and forty million and one hundred thousand samāpattī. There are also mentioned four dangers from which all Buddhas are immune: no misfortune can befall the four requisites intended for a Buddha; no one can encompass his death; no injury can befall any of his thirty-two major marks (mahāpurisalakkhaṇā) or eighty minor marks (anubyañjanā); nothing can obstruct his aura.¹⁴

Uniqueness of A Buddha

A Buddha is born only in this world-system (cakkavāḷa) out of the ten thousand world-systems that constitute the field of birth (jātikkhetta).¹⁵ There can appear only one Buddha in the world at a time.¹⁶ No Buddha can arise until the religion (sāsana) of the previous Buddha has completely disappeared from the world (dhātuparinibbāna). When a Bodhisatta takes conception in his mother’s womb in his last life, after leaving Tusita, there is manifested throughout the world a wonderful radiance, and the ten thousand world systems tremble.¹⁷

The Mahāpadāna Sutta ¹⁸ and the Acchariyabbhuta Sutta ¹⁹ contain accounts of other miracles that attend the conception and birth of a Buddha. Later books ²⁰ have greatly enlarged these accounts. They describe how the Bodhisatta, having practised the thirty perfections (pāramī), and made the five great gifts (pañcamahāpariccāgā), and thus reached the pinnacle of the threefold conduct (cariyā) — for relatives (ñātattha-cariyā), for the world (lokattha-cariyā), and for Enlightenment (buddhi-cariyā) — gives the seven great charities (mahādānā), as in the case of Vessantara, making the earth tremble seven times, and is born after death in Tusita. The Bodhisatta who later became Vipassī Buddha, remained in Tusita during the whole permissible period — five hundred and seventy million and sixty-seven thousand years. However, most Bodhisattas leave Tusita before completing the full span of life there. Five signs appear to warn the devaputta that his end is near;²¹ the gods of the ten thousand worlds gather round him, beseeching him to be born on earth that he may become the Buddha. The Bodhisatta thereupon makes the five investigations (pañcamahāvilokanāni).

Sometimes only one Buddha is born in a world-cycle, such a world-cycle being called Sārakappa; sometimes two, Maṇḍakappa; sometimes three, Varakappa; sometimes four, Sāramaṇḍakappa; rarely five, Bhadda­kappa.²² No Buddha is born in the early period of a world-cycle, when men live longer than one hundred thousand years and are thus not able to recognise the nature of old age and death, and therefore not able to benefit by his teaching. When the life of man is too short, there is no time for exhortation and men are full of defilements (kilesa). The suitable age for a Buddha is, therefore, when men live not less than one hundred years and not more than ten thousand. The Bodhisatta must first consider the continent and the country of birth. Buddhas are born only in Jambudīpa, and there, too, only in the Majjhimadesa. He must then consider the family; Buddhas are born only in brahmin or warrior (khattiya) families, whichever is more esteemed during that particular age. Then he must think of the mother: she must be wise and virtuous; and her life must be destined to end seven days after the Buddha’s birth.

Having made these decisions, the Bodhisatta goes to Nandanavana in Tusita, and while wandering about there “falls away” from Tusita and takes conception. He is aware of his death but unaware of his decease consciousness (cuti-citta). The Commentators seem to have differed as to whether there is awareness of conception. When the Bodhisatta is conceived, his mother has no further wish for indulgence in sexual pleasure. For seven days previously she observes the uposatha vows, but there is no mention of a virgin birth; the birth might be called parthenogenetic.²³

On the day of the actual conception, the mother, having bathed in scented water after the celebration of the Āsāḷha festival, and having eaten choice food, takes upon herself the uposatha vows and retires to the adorned state bedchamber. As she sleeps, she dreams that the Four Regent Gods raise her with her bed, and, having taken her to the Himavā, bathe her in Lake Anotatta, robe her in divine clothes, anoint her with perfumes and deck her with heavenly flowers.²⁴ Not far away is a silver mountain and on it a golden mansion. There they lay her with her head to the east. The Bodhisatta, assuming the form of a white elephant, enters her room, and after circling right wise three times round her bed, smites her right side with his trunk and enters her womb. She awakes and tells her husband of her dream. Soothsayers are consulted, and they prophesy the birth of a Cakkavatti or of a Buddha.

The two suttas mentioned above speak of the circumstances obtaining during the time spent by the child in his mother’s womb. It is said  ²⁵ that the Bodhisatta is born when his mother is in the last third of her middle age. This is in order that the birth may be easy for both mother and child. Various miracles attend the birth of the Bodhisatta. The Commentaries expound, at great length, the accounts of these miracles given in the suttas. Immediately after birth the Bodhisatta stands firmly on his feet, and having taken seven strides to the north, while a white canopy, is held over his head, looks round and utters in fearless voice the lion’s roar: “Aggo ’haṃ asmi lokassa, jettho ’haṃ asmi lokassa, settho ’haṃ asmi lokassa, ayaṃ antimā jāti, natthi dāni punabbhavo.” ²⁶

To the later Buddhists,²⁷ not only these acts of the Bodhisatta, but every item of the miracles accompanying his birth, have their symbolical meaning. There seems to have been a difference of opinion among the Elders of the Saṅgha as to what happened when the Bodhisatta took his seven strides northwards. Did he walk on the earth or travel through the air? Did people see him go? Was he clothed? Did he look an infant or an adult? Tipiṭaka Cuḷābhaya, teaching on the first floor of the Lohapāsāda, settled the question by suggesting a compromise: the Bodhisatta walked on earth, but the onlookers felt he was travelling through the air; he was naked, but the onlookers felt he was gaily adorned; he was an infant, but looked sixteen years old; and after his roar he reverted to infancy! ²⁸

After birth, the Bodhisatta is presented to the soothsayers for their prognostications and they reassert that two courses alone are open to him — either to be a Cakkavatti or a Buddha. They also discover on his body the thirty-two marks of the Great Man ²⁹ (Mahāpurisa). The Bodhisatta has also the eighty secondary signs (asīti anubyañjana) such as copper coloured nails glossy and prominent, sinews which are hidden and without knots, etc.³⁰ The Brahmāyu Sutta ³¹ gives other particulars about Gotama, which are evidently characteristic of all Buddhas. Thus, in walking he always starts with the right foot, his steps are neither too long nor too short, only his lower limbs move; when he gazes on anything, he turns right round to do so (nāgavilokana). When entering a house he never bends his body;³² when sitting down, accepting water to wash his bowl, eating, washing his hands after eating, or returning thanks, he sits with the greatest propriety, dignity and thoroughness. When teaching, he neither flatters nor denounces his hearers but merely instructs them, rousing, enlightening and heartening them.³³ His voice possesses eight qualities: it is frank, clear, melodious, pleasant, full, carrying, deep and resonant; it does not travel beyond his audience.³⁴ A passage in the Aṅguttaranikāya ³⁵ says that a Buddha teaches in the eight assemblies — of nobles, brahmins, householders, recluses, devas of the Cātummahā­rājikā world, and of Tāvatiṃsa, of Māras and of Brahmās. In these assemblies he becomes one of them and their language becomes his.

Typical Career of A Buddha

The typical career of a Buddha is illustrated in the life of Gotama (q.v.) He renounces the world only after the birth of a son. This, the Commentary explains,³⁶ is to prevent him from being taken for other than a human being. He sees the four omens before his Renunciation: an old man, a sick man, a dead man, and a recluse. Some Buddhas see all four on the same day, others, like Vipassī, at long intervals.³⁷ On the night before the Enlightenment, the Bodhisatta dreams five dreams.³⁸ After the Enlightenment the Buddha does not teach until asked to do so by Mahā Brahmā. This is on order that the world may pay greater attention to the Buddha and his teaching.³⁹ A Buddha generally travels from the Bodhi tree to Isipatana for his first discourse, through the air, but Gotama went on foot because he wished to meet Upaka on the way.⁴⁰

The Buddha’s day is divided into periods, each of which has its distinct duties.⁴¹ He rises early, and having attended to his bodily functions, sits in solitude until the time arrives for the alms round. He then puts on his outer robe and goes for alms, sometimes alone, sometimes with a large following of monks. When he wishes to go alone he keeps the door of his cell shut, which sign is understood by the monks.⁴² Occasionally he goes long distances for alms, travelling through the air, and then only Arahants (khīṇāsavā) are allowed to accompany him.⁴³ Sometimes he goes in the ordinary way (pakatiyā), sometimes accompanied by many miracles. After the meal he returns to his cell; this is the duty before the meal (pure bhattakicca).

Having washed his feet, he would emerge from his cell, talk to the monks and admonish them. To those who ask for subjects of meditation, he would give them according to their temperament. He would then retire to his cell and, if he so desire, sleep for a while. After that, he looks around the world with his divine-eye, seeking whom he may serve, and would then teach those who come to him for instruction. In the evening he would bathe, and then, during the first watch, attend to monks seeking his advice. The middle watch is spent with devas and others who visit him to question him. The last watch is divided into three parts: the first part is spent in walking about for exercise and meditation; the second is devoted to sleep; and the third to contemplation, during which those who are capable of benefiting by the Buddha’s teaching, through good deeds done by them in the past, come into his vision. Only beings that are capable of benefiting by instruction (veneyyā) and who possess the supporting conditions (upanissaya), appear before the Buddha’s divine-eye.⁴⁴ The Buddha gives his visitors permission to ask what they will. This is called Sabbaññupavāraṇa, and only a Buddha is capable of holding to this promise to answer any question.⁴⁵ Except during the rains, the Buddha spends his time wandering from place to place, gladdening men and inciting them to lead the good life. This wandering (cārikā) is of two kinds: fast (turita) and slow (aturita). The first is used for a long journey accomplished in a very short time, for the benefit of some particular person. Thus Gotama travelled three quarters of a league to meet Mahā-Kassapa, thirty leagues to see Āḷavaka and Aṅgulimāla, forty-five leagues to see Pukkusāti, etc. In the case of aturita cārikā progress is slow. The range of a Buddha’s cārikā varies from year to year. Sometimes he would tour the Mahā-maṇḍala of nine hundred leagues, sometimes the Majjhima-maṇḍala of nine hundred leagues, sometimes only the Anto-maṇḍala of six hundred leagues. A tour of the Mahā-maṇḍala occupies nine months, that of the Majjhima-maṇḍala eight, and that of the Anto-maṇḍala from one to four months.⁴⁶

A Buddha’s Omniscience

The Buddha is Omniscient, not in the sense that he knows everything, but that he could know anything should he so desire.⁴⁷ His knowledge (ñāṇa) is one of the four illimitables.⁴⁸ He converts people in one of three ways: by exhibition of miraculous powers (iddhipāṭihāriya), by reading their thoughts (ādesanāpāṭihāriya), or teaching them what is beneficial to them according to their character and temperament (anusāsanīpāṭihāriya). It is the last method, which the Buddha most often uses.⁴⁹ Though the Buddha’s teaching is never really lost on the listener, he sometimes teaches knowing that it will be of no immediate benefit.⁵⁰ It is said that wherever a monk dwells during the Buddha’s time, in the vicinity of the Buddha, he would always have ready a special seat for the Buddha because it is possible that the Buddha would pay him a special visit.⁵¹ Sometimes the Buddha will send a ray of light from his Gandhakuṭi to encourage a monk engaged in meditation and, appearing before him in this ray of light, teach him. Stanzas so taught are called obhāsagāthā.⁵²

Special Virtues of Buddhas

Every Buddha founds an Order; the first verse setting forth the monastic training (pāṭimokkhuddesagāthā) of every Buddha is the same.⁵³ The attainment of Arahantship is always the aim of the Buddha’s instruction.⁵⁴ Beings can obtain the four higher knowledges (abhiññā) only during the lifetime of a Buddha.⁵⁵ A Buddha has ten powers (balāni) which consist of his perfect comprehension in ten fields of knowledge,⁵⁶ and physical strength equal to that of a billion elephants.⁵⁷ He alone can digest the food of the devas or food which contains the ambrosia (ojā) put into it by the devas. No one else can eat with impunity the food that has been set apart for the Buddha.⁵⁸ Besides these excellences, a Buddha possesses the four assurances (vesārajjāni),⁵⁹ the eighteen extraordinary qualities (āveṇikadhammā),⁶⁰ and the sixteen kinds of pre-eminence (anuttariya).⁶¹

The remembrance of former births a Buddha shares with six classes of purified beings, only in a higher degree. This faculty is possessed in ascending scale by non-Buddhists (titthiyā), ordinary disciples (pakatisāvakā), great disciples (mahāsāvakā), leading disciples (aggasāvakā), Pacceka Buddhas, and Sammāsambuddhas.⁶²

Every Buddha holds a Mahāsamaya, and only a Buddha is capable of teaching a series of suttas to suit the different temperaments of the mighty assembly gathered there.⁶³

Suffering of A Buddha

A Buddha is not completely immune from disease (e.g., Gotama). Every Buddha has the power of living for one whole world-cycle (kappa),⁶⁴ but no Buddha does so, his term of life being shortened by reason of climate and the food he takes.⁶⁵ No Buddha, however, dies until the religions (sāsana) is firmly established.⁶⁶ There are three types of parinibbāna in the case of a Buddha: the final cessation of defilements (kilesa parinibbāna), the final cessation of his body and mind (khandha parinibbāna) and the final cessation of the Buddha’s teaching (dhātu parinibbāna). The first takes place under the Bodhi tree, the second at the moment of the Buddha’s death, the third long after.⁶⁷ Some Buddhas live longer than others; those that are long-lived (dighāyuka) have only sammukhasāvakā (disciples who hear the Doctrine from the Buddha himself), and at their death their relics are not scattered, only a single thūpa being erected over them.⁶⁸ Short lived Buddhas hold the uposatha once a fortnight; others (e.g. Kassapa Buddha) may have it once in six months; yet others (e.g. Vipassī) only once in six years.⁶⁹

Disappearance of A Buddha’s Teaching

After the Buddha’s death, his Doctrine is gradually forgotten. The first Piṭaka to be lost is the Abhidhamma, beginning with the Paṭṭhāna and ending with the Dhammasaṅgaṇī. Then, the Aṅguttaranikāya of the Sutta Piṭaka, from the eleventh to the first Nipāta; next the Saṃyuttanikāya from the Cakkapeyyāla to the Oghatarana; then the Majjhimanikāya, from the Indriyabhāvanā Sutta to the Mūlapariyāya Sutta, and then the Dīghanikāya, from the Dasuttara Sutta to the Brahmajāla Sutta. Scattered verses (gāthā) like the Sabhiyapucchā, and the Āḷavakapucchā, last much longer, but they cannot maintain the religion (sāsana). The last Piṭaka to disappear is the Vinaya, the last portion being the mātikā of the Ubhatovibhaṅga.⁷⁰

When a Buddha dies, his body receives the honours due to a monarch.⁷¹ It is said that on the night on which a Buddha attains Enlightenment, and on the night during which he dies, the colour of his skin becomes exceedingly bright.⁷² At all times, where a Buddha is present, no other light can shine.⁷³

No Buddha is born during the evolving cycle (saṃvaṭṭamānakappa), but only during the devolving cycle (vivaṭṭamānakappa).⁷⁴ A Bodhisatta who excels in paññā can attain Buddhahood in four immeasurable aeons; one who exels in saddhā, in eight, and one whose viriya is the chief factor, in sixteen.⁷⁵ When once a being has become a Bodhisatta there are eighteen conditions from which he is immune.⁷⁶ The Buddha is referred to under various epithets. The Aṅguttaranikāya gives one such list. There he is called Samaṇa, Brāhmaṇa, Vedagū, Bhisaka, Nimmala, Vimala, Ñāṇī, and Vimutta.⁷⁷

Epithets of A Buddha

The Buddha generally speaks of himself ⁷⁸ as Tathāgata. His followers usually address him as the Blessed One (Bhagavā), while others call him by his name (Gotama). In the case of Gotama Buddha, we find him also addressed as Sakka,⁷⁹ Brahma,⁸⁰ Mahāmuni,⁸¹ and Yakkha.⁸² Countless other epithets occur in the books, especially in the later ones. One very famous formula, used by Buddhists in their ritual, contains nine epithets, the formula being: Bhagavā arahaṃ sammāsambuddho, vijjācaraṇa­sampanno, sugato, lokavidū, anuttaro, purisadammasārathi, satthā devamanussānaṃ, Buddho Bhagavā.⁸³ It is maintained  ⁸⁴ that the Buddha’s praises are limitless (aparimāṇa). One of his most striking characteristics, mentioned over and over again, is his love of quiet.⁸⁵ In this his disciples followed his example.⁸⁶ The dwelling place of a Buddha is called the Gandhakuṭi. His footprint is called Padacetiya, and this can be seen only when he so desires it. When once he wishes it to be visible, no one can erase it. He can also so will that only one particular person shall see it.⁸⁷ It is also said  ⁸⁸ that his power of love is so great that no evil action can show its results in his presence. A Buddha never asks for praise, but if his praises are uttered in his presence he takes no offence.⁸⁹ When the Buddha is seated in some spot, none has the power of going through the air above him.⁹⁰ He prefers to accept the invitations of poor men to a meal.⁹¹

See also Gotama and Bodhisatta. Also the article on Buddha in the N.P.D.

Footnotes

¹ Na mātarā kataṃ, na pitarā kataṃ — vimokkhantikaṃ etaṃ buddhānaṃ bhagavantānaṃ bodhiyā mūle ... paññatti, MNid.458; Ps.i.174.

² E.g., SA.i.20; AA.i.65

³ E.g., D.ii.5 f; S.ii.5 f; cp. Thag.491; J.ii.147; they are also mentioned at Vin.ii.110, in an old formula against snake-bites. Beal (Catena, p.159) says these are given in the Chinese Pāṭimokkha. They are also found in the Sayambhū Purāṇa (Mitra, Sanskrit Buddhist Lit. of Nepal, p.249.

⁴ See s.v. ⁵ D.iii.75 ff ⁶ J.P.T.S. 1886, p.37. ⁷ D.ii.5 f.

⁸ DA.ii.422 ff. ⁹ DA.ii.425. ¹⁰ BuA.2 f.

¹¹ However, when he wishes, a Buddha can spread his aura at will (BuA.106).

¹² Only the first five are mentioned in DA.ii.424; also at BuA.105; all eight are given at BuA.246 f., which also gives details under each of the eight heads, regarding all the twenty-five Buddhas.

¹³ DA.ii.424; BuA.247. ¹⁴ BuA.248. ¹⁵ AA.i.251; DA.iii.897.

¹⁶ D.ii.225; D.iii.114; the reasons for this are given in detail in Mil. 236, and quoted in DA.iii.900 f.

¹⁷ Similar earthquakes appear when he is born, when he attains Enlightenment, when he gives the first discourse, when he decides to die, when he finally does so (D.ii.108 f; cp. DA.iii.897).

¹⁸ D.ii.12‑15. ¹⁹ M.iii.119‑124. ²⁰ E.g., J.i. ²¹ See Deva. ²² BuA.158 f.

²³ See Mil.123.

²⁴ According to the Nidānakathā, J.i.50, it is their queens who do these things. Re the Bodhisatta assuming the form of an elephant, see Dial.ii.116.

²⁵ DA.ii.437. ²⁶ D.ii.15.

²⁷ See, e.g., DA.ii.439; thus, standing on the earth means the attaining of the four bases of success (iddhipāda); facing north implies the spiritual conquest of multitudes; the seven strides are the seven factors of enlightenment (bojjhaṅgas); the canopy is the umbrella of emancipation; looking round means unveiled knowledge; fearlessness denotes the irrevocable turning of the Wheel of the Dhamma; the mention of the last birth, the Arahantship he will attain in this life, etc.

²⁸ DA.ii.442. ²⁹ These are given at D.ii.17‑19; also M.ii.136 f.

³⁰ The list is found in Lal. 121 [106]. ³¹ For details see M.ii.137 f.

³² Cp. DhA.ii.136. ³³ M.ii.139.

³⁴ For details concerning his voice see DA.ii.452 f; and MA.ii.771 f.

³⁵ A.iv.308. ³⁶ DA.ii.422. ³⁷ DA.ii.457. ³⁸ A.iii.240. ³⁹ DA.ii.467.

⁴⁰ DA.ii.471. ⁴¹ DA.i.45 f; SNA.i.131 f, etc. ⁴² Ibid., 271. ⁴³ ThagA.i.65.

⁴⁴ DA.ii.470. ⁴⁵ SNA.i.229.

⁴⁶ Details of the wandering (cārikā) and the reasons for them are given at length in DA.i.240‑3. When the Buddha cannot go on a journey himself, he sends his chief disciples (SNA.ii.474). The Buddha announces his intention of undertaking a journey two weeks before he starts, so that the monks may get ready (DhA.ii.167).

⁴⁷ See MNid.178,179; see also MNidA.223; SNA.i.18.

⁴⁸ Neither can the Buddha’s body be measured for purposes of comparison with other bodies, MA.ii.790.

⁴⁹ BuA.81. The Buddha’s rivals say that he possesses the power of bewitchment (āvattanīmāyā); but this is untrue, as sometimes (e.g., in the case of the Kosambi monks) he cannot make even his own disciples obey him. Some beings, however, can be converted only by a Buddha. They are called Buddha veneyyā (SNA.i.331). Some are pleased by the Buddha’s looks, others by his voice and words, yet others by his austerities, such as the wearing of simple robes, etc; and finally, those whose standard of judgment is goodness, reflect that he is without a peer (DhA.iii.113 f ).

⁵⁰ See, e.g., Udumbarikasīhanāda Sutta, D.iii.57. ⁵¹ DA.i.48.

⁵² SNA.i.16, 265. ⁵³ DA.ii.479. ⁵⁴ DA.iii.732. ⁵⁵ AA.i.204.

⁵⁶ A.v.32 f; M.i.69, etc. At S.ii.27 f., ten similar powers are given as consisting of his knowledge of Dependent Origination. The powers of a disciple are distinct from those of a Buddha (Kvu.228); they are seven (see, e.g., D.iii.283.

⁵⁷ BuA.37. ⁵⁸ SNA.i.154. ⁵⁹ Given at M.i.71 f.

⁶⁰ Described at Lal. 183, 343, Buddhaghosa also gives (at DA.iii.994) a list of eighteen Buddhadhammā, but they are all concerned with the absence of duccarita in the case of the Buddha.

⁶¹ Given by Sāriputta in the Sampasādāniya Sutta (D.iii.102 ff).

⁶² E.g.,Vism.411. ⁶³ D.ii.255; DA.ii.682 f.

⁶⁴ The Commentary explains (DA.ii.554 f ) that world-cycle here means āyukappa, the full span of a man’s life during that particular age. Some, like Mahāsīva Thera, maintained that if the Buddha could live for ten months, overcoming the pains of death, he could as well continue to live to the end of this Bhaddakappa. However, a Buddha does not do so because he wishes to die before his body is overcome by the infirmities of old age.

⁶⁵ DA.ii.413. ⁶⁶ D.iii.122.

⁶⁷ DA.iii.899 f; for the history of Gotama’s relics see Gotama.

⁶⁸ SNA. 194, 195. ⁶⁹ ThagA.i.62. ⁷⁰ VibhA.432.

⁷¹ These are detailed at D.ii.141 f.

⁷² D.ii.134. Here we have the beginning of a legend which later grew into an account of an actual “transfiguration” of the Buddha.

⁷³ SNA.ii.525. ⁷⁴ SNA.i.51. ⁷⁵ SNA.i.47 f. ⁷⁶ For details see SNA.i.50.

⁷⁷ C.iv. 340) Buddhaghosa gives seven others: Cakkkumā, Sabbabhūtanukampī, Vihātaka, Mārasenappamaddī, Vusitavā, Vimutto and Aṅgirasa (DA.iii.962 f).

⁷⁸ This term is explained at great length in the Commentaries, e.g., DA.i.59 f.

⁷⁹ SN. vs. 345; perhaps the equivalent of Sakya.

⁸⁰ SN. p.91; SNA.ii.418. ⁸¹ BuA.38. ⁸² M.i.386; also KS.i.262.

⁸³ These words are analysed and discussed in Vism. 198 ff.

⁸⁴ E.g., DA.i.288.

⁸⁵ E.g., D.i.178 f. He is also fond of solitude (paṭissallāna), D.ii.70; A.iv.438 f; S.v.320 f., etc. When he is in retirement it is usually the wrong-time (akāla) for visiting him (D.ii.270). There are also certain accusations, which are brought against a Buddha by his rivals, for this very love of solitude. “It is said that his insight is ruined by this habit of seclusion. By dialogue with whom does he attain lucidity in wisdom? He is not at his ease in conducting an assembly, not ready in conversation, he is occupied only with the fringe of things. He is like a one-eyed cow, walking in a circle” (D.iii.38).

⁸⁶ D.iii.37. ⁸⁷ DhA.iii.194. ⁸⁸ SNA.ii.475.

⁸⁹ ThagA.ii.42. ⁹⁰ SNA.i.222. ⁹¹ DhA.ii.135.

2. Buddha.– A king of forty-one world-cycles ago, a previous birth of Vacchapāla (Pāyāsadāyaka) Thera. ThagA.i.160; Ap.i.157.

3. Buddha.– A minister of Mahinda V. He was a native of Māragallaka and, in association with Kitti, another minister, vanquished the Coḷa army at Paluṭṭhagiri. He received as reward his native village. Cv.lv.26‑31.

4. Buddha.– A Kesadhātu, general of Parakkamabāhu I. He inflicted a severe defeat on Mānābharaṇa at Pūnagāmatittha. Cv.lxxii.7.

See Buddhanāyaka.